CARBONNEAU, Alain1; CARGNELLO, Giovanni2 Corresponding authors: alain.carbonneau@supagro.fr, giovannicargnello@gmail.com Préambule / preamble Concernant les viticultures durables, le GiESCO constate la confusion actuelle autour des notions de: viticulture ‘intégrée’ qui ne se démarque pas clairement de la viticulture classique dite ‘raisonnée’ et englobe une série de certifications difficilement distinguables, viticulture ‘agro-écologique’ qui ajoute des éléments importants de durabilité à la viticulture intégrée, sans vraiment clarifier cette dernière, viticulture ‘biologique’ qui s’appuie sur quelques principes insoutenables comme l’opposition entre produit chimique ou naturel, avec de surcroît un recours fréquent à des produits à base de cuivre, viticulture ‘biodynamique’ qui préconise des méthodes respectueuses de l’environnement, mais pour beaucoup non scientifiquement vérifiées. Au-delà de leurs multiples aspects techniques, aucune de ces viticultures durables ne comporte une véritable garantie ni une transparence totale. En conséquence, dans un esprit de consensus scientifique et technique et de respect d’une certaine morale ou éthique, une démarche méta-éthique est mise en œuvre. Le GiESCO propose une charte de viticulture durable, avec en premier des grands principes méta-éthiques de base capables de lever la confusion actuelle, et ensuite, sous ces conditions, la reprise de sa charte technique présentée en 2015 au GiESCO 19 de Montpellier – Pech Rouge. Concerning sustainable Viticultures, the GiESCO notices the current confusion around the notions of: ‘integrated’ Viticulture which does not clearly set itself apart of classical so-called ‘reasoned’ Viticulture and involves series of certifications which are distinguishable with difficulty, ‘agro-ecological’ Viticulture which adds important elements of sustainability to ‘integrated’ Viticulture, without clarifying really the latter, ‘organic’ Viticulture which leans on some unbearable principles such as the opposition between chemical or natural products, with besides a frequent recourse to copper-products, ‘biodynamic Viticulture’ which recommends environment-friendly methods, but for very not scientifically verified. Beyond their multiple technical aspects, none of those Viticultures involves a real guarantee or a full transparency. Consequently, in a spirit of scientific and technic consensus and respect for a certain morality and ethics, a meta-ethical approach is implemented. The GiESCO proposes a charter of sustainable Viticulture, with at first major meta-ethical principles which are able to raise the current confusion, and then, under such conditions, the resumption of the technical charter presented in 2015 at the GiESCO 19 in Montpellier – Pech Rouge. La Viticulture appelée de façon simplifiée ‘BIO-MétaÉthique’ se construit d’abord sur des principes généraux qui se traduisent ensuite en décisions techniques au niveau d’une charte. The Viticulture called in a simplified way ‘BIO-MetaEthics’ is built at first on general principles which are after translated into technical decisions inside a charter. Ces principes sont mis en œuvre dans la démarche présentée par Giovanni Cargnello «BIOMétaÉthique 4.1 », avec la méthode de notation par jury d’experts de la « Grande Filére MétaÉthique 4.1». Those principles are used in the approach presented by Giovanni Cargnello “BIO-MetaEthics 4.1”, with the notation method by an expert jury of the “Great Chain MetaEthics 4.1”. La charte technique qui lui est reliée est celle du GiESCO en 2015, coordonnée par Alain Carbonneau et Giovanni Cargnello. The technical charter which is linked to is that one of the GiESCO in 2015, coordinated by Alain Carbonneau and Giovanni Cargnello. Règles de base / Basic rules 1/ Mettre l’Homme au cœur des préoccupations dans un cadre universel: Put Man in the depth of all concerns in an universal context: - producteur, consommateur, citoyen grower, consumer, citizen valorisation du travail, formation, sécurité work valuing, education, security 2/ Assurer le minimum d’impact sur l’environnement en optimisant la culture : Insure minimum impact on environment by optimizing cultivation technics: - maximum de produits naturels biodégradables, pratiques respectueuses maximum of natural biodegradale products, friendly practices circuits courts, énergies renouvelables, durabilité du terroir short channels, renewable energies, terroir sustainability 3/ Garantir la transparence et l’évaluation sur l’ensemble des opérations : Warrant transparency and evaluation of all operations: - traçabilité de la chaîne de production, analyses complètes des produits traceability of the production line, complete analyses of the products - utilisation de méthodes scientifiques éprouvées, communication large use of secure scientific methods, wide communication Exemples d’illustration / Illustrating examples 1/ Dans certaines situations où la présence humaine est nécessaire pour diverses raisons sociales et environnementales, la vendange mécanique qui est souvent avantageuse, sera moins bien notée que la vendange manuelle. Under some situations where the presence of man is necessary for different social or environmental reasons, mechanical harvesting which is often a benefit, will be less scored than manual harvesting. 2/ Dans des vignobles où la valorisation du terroir est difficile et où les prix des vins est minimal du fait de la concurrence sur le marché international, la conduite en Taille Minimale (non taille) en mécanisation intégrale sera la mieux notée afin d’assurer le maintien des exploitations. In vineyards where terroir valuing is difficult and the wine prices are minimum due to competition on the international market, the training in Minimal Pruning (zero winter pruning) and full mechanization will get the best score to insure the maintenance of farms. 3/ Dans le cas de terroirs permettant d’élaborer des vins originaux de haute qualité, le choix d’une conduite optimisant la qualité du vin et l’esthétique paysagère, comme la vigne en Lyre, obtiendra la note maximale quitte à entamer une démarche de changement de règle de l’AOP au niveau de la communauté des vignerons. In the case of terroirs allowing to elaborate original wines of high quality, the choice of a training optimizing wine quality and landscape aesthetics, such as the Lyre vine, will get the maximum score even if it is necessary to launch an approach to change the rules of the POA at the level of the vine growers community. 4/ Dans la mesure où des produits naturels biodégradables et non nocifs pour l’homme et l’environnement n’ont pas une efficacité suffisante vis-à-vis du contrôle des bio-agresseurs, le recours de substitution à des pesticides de synthèse efficaces est préféré occasionnellement, de façon à préserver le potentiel qualitatif du raisin et à limiter le nombre d’interventions au vignoble, en particulier concernant les applications de produits à base de cuivre contre le mildiou. As far as products which are natural, biodegradable and not harmful for the man and the environment, are not efficient enough to control pests, the use of alternatives such as efficient synthetic pesticides is occasionally preferred, in order to preserve the quality potential of the grape berry and to restrict the number of interventions in the vineyard, particularly concerning sprayings of copper products against downy mildew. 

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CARBONNEAU, Alain* Montpellier SupAgro, IHEV bâtiment 28, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France * Corresponding author: alain.carbonneau@supagro.fr

Most of reasoning is based on a binary or dualistic exchange. But each relation between two is, either related to another one or a context, or submitted to a regulating feed-back. Therefore it is proposed to systematically reason on a basis of three elements (triptych), as the human brain, place of our thought, is also structured in three encased ...

CARELLI-SECCHI, Laura Nancy1*; BATTISTELLA, Maximiliano2; OVIEDO, Alejandro2; MARTINEZ, Ricardo1; OLIVARES, Paula1 1 Centro de Desarrollo Vitícola Media Agua (INTA – COVIAR) 2Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria – EEA San Juan. *Corresponding author: carelli.laura@inta.gob.ar

During the last ten years, winegrowers in the department of Sarmiento have experienced losses in their productions due to the incidence of two endemic diseases of the vine: downy mildew (Plasmoparaviticola) and powdery mildew (Erysiphenecator). During this period climatic conditions favorable to the development of these diseases occurred, together...

BUSTOS, Rosa1*; BENEDETTO, Andrea1; YÁÑEZ, Liliana1; ROMÁN, Juan1; PALAZZO, Romina2; ACOSTA, Gabriela3 1 FCPYS, UNCUYO, Centro Universitario s/n, Mendoza (M5502JMA), Argentina 2Proyecto Centros de Desarrollo Vitícola. Convenio INTA-COVIAR 3Agencia Extensión Rural INTA Maipú. *Corresponding Author: rosamariabustos@hotmail.com

This work analyzes the social reproduction strategies of small and medium grape growers located in Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. Small grape growers are involved in a process of continuous "displacement" that corresponds to intra-generational and inter-generational mobility. It is observed that those who were part of the rural middle classes...

BRIZUELA, Natalia S.1; MANERA, Camila1; BRAVO-FERRADA, Bárbara M.1; VALDÉS LA HENS, Danay1; HOLLMANN, Axel2; OLGUIN, Nair1; CABALLERO, Adriana3, 4; DELFEDERICO, Lucrecia1; TYMCZYSZYN, Elizabeth E.1; SEMORILE, Liliana1 1 Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, (B1876BXD) Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2 Laboratorio de Biointerfaces y Sistemas Biomiméticos, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), y Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Santiago del Estero (CITSE), Santiago del Estero, Argentina 3 Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, 25 de Mayo y Reconquista, (8336) Villa Regina, Río Negro, Argentina. 4 IDEPA CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, (8300) Neuquén, Argentina. *Corresponding autor: nsbrizuela@gmail.com

The selection of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from a wine-producing area is necessary to the formulation of native malolactic starter cultures, well adapted to local winemaking practices, and able of enhancing the regional wine typicality. In this sense, molecular biology techniques are fundamental tools to the study of the native microbiome involve...

BUESA, Ignacio1, 3*; CHIRIVELLA, Camilo2; YEVES, Antonio3; SANZ, Felipe3; MARTÍNEZMORENO, Alejandro3; INTRIGLIOLO, Diego S.3 1 Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Sustainable Agriculture Center, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain. Instituto Tecnológico de Viticultura y Enología, Ecological Production, Innovation and Technology Service, Plaza Valentín García Tena 1, 46340 Requena, Valencia, Spain. 3Departamento de Riego, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain. 2 *Corresponding author: ibuesa@cebas.csic.es

Climate change is affecting viticulture particularly because in wine production most of the value is provided by the desired tipicity. High air temperatures decouple grape sugars and anthocyanins accumulation impacting negatively wine composition. In this trial, carried out under the temperaturewarm and semi-arid conditions of eastern Spain, we as...

BRES, Emilce1*; BERGAS, Valeria2; PALAZZO, Elena1; SORROCHE, Lorena2; MORENO, Juan Manuel2; ANGELONI, Luisina2 1 2 INTA Estación Experimental Agropecuaria (EEA) Mendoza Cátedra de Viticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (FCA), UNCuyo *Corresponding author: bres.emilce@inta.gob.ar

Many vineyards in Mendoza, Argentina, are being modified to new vine-training systems that allow mechanical canopy management. These are free canopy systems already studied in countries such as Australia. Some of non-shoot positioning requirements systems are Casarsa, Box pruning, free cordontrained and “V” or minimally pruned cordon trained s...

BONILLA, Estefanía1; ALBARRACÍN, Aldo1; CASTILLO, Paula1; BARCENA, Nadia2; ROQUEIRO, Gonzalo1, 2; RUIZ, Mónica1, 2 1 Integrated Unit INTA - UNSJ, Agricultural Engineering Department calle 11 y Vidart S/N. Pocito. 2 INTA EEA San Juan, calle 11 y Vidart S/N. Pocito. *Corresponding author: ruiz.monica@inta.gob.ar

For the west of Argentina, vitiviniculture represents the main agricultural industry. In the irrigated valleys where viticulture is developed, the problems of salinity and toxicity of some ions in the soil limit productivity and quality of the obtained products. The tolerance to toxic ions (Cl-, Na+, B (OH)4-) of the commercial grape cultivars is ...

BRANDT, Melanie1*; SCHEIDWEILER, Mathias1; RAUHUT, Doris2; PATZ, Claus-Dieter3; ZORN, Holger4; STOLL, Manfred1 1 Hochschule Geisenheim University, Department of General & Organic Viticulture, Blaubachstraße 19, 65366 Geisenheim, 2 Germany, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Department of Microbiology & Biochemistry, Von-Lade-Str. 1, 65366 3 Geisenheim, Germany Hochschule Geisenheim University, Department of Wine Analysis and Beverage Technology, Von4 Lade-Str. 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany. Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany *Corresponding author: Melanie.Brandt@hs-gm.de

It has been known for a long time that altering microclimate affects fruit composition and wine quality. The research project Heat Berry focuses on future scenarios of the climate change regarding higher temperatures and the risk of increasing sun radiation to the fruit. Field experiments were conducted in 2015 and 2016 at an experimental site at ...

BOU NADER, Khalil1, 2; STOLL, Manfred1; RAUHUT, Doris1; PATZ, Claus1; JUNG, Rainer1; LOEHNERTZ, Otmar1; HILBERT, Ghislaine2; RENAUD, Christel2; ROBY, Jean-Philippe2; DELROT, Serge2; GOMÈS, Eric2 1 Hochschule Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Str. 1, 65366, Geisenheim, Germany UMR EGFV, ISVV, 210 Chemin de Leysotte – CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France 2 * Corresponding author: khalil.bounader@hs-gm.de

The effect of grapevine age on growth and berry development was studied from 2014 to 2016 on an experimental vineyard managed by the Hochschule Geisenheim University in Geisenheim, Germany. The vineyard was initially planted in 1971 with Vitis vinifera (L.) cv. Riesling grafted on 5C Teleki. In 1995 and 2012, several rows were uprooted and replant...

BONTEMPO, Andrea1; SMITH, Jason1; BRANDT, Melanie1*; PETERLUNGER, Enrico2; STOLL, Manfred1 ¹Hochschule Geisenheim University, Department of General & Organic Viticulture, Von-Lade-Str. 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany ²Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Italy *Corresponding author: melanie.brandt@hs-gm.de

The impact of different canopy systems and viticultural management practices on fruit exposure have been widely investigated, and the potential impact of microclimate on fruit composition is well recognised. However, a precise and low cost characterisation of the light conditions within the grapevine canopy is still lacking. The objective of the p...

BONGHI, Claudio1, 2*; CARGNELLO, Giovanni3 1 DAFNAE, University of Padova, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy, 2CIRVE, Via XXVIII Aprile, 14-31015 Conegliano, TV 3 Conegliano Campus 5.1C (Treviso) *Corresponding author: C Bonghi, claudio.bonghi@unipd.it

At harvest, the composition of the grape berries is the result of the interaction between physiological processes genetically programmed during the developmental cycle and responses to the imposed environmental parameters that induce more or less pronounced stress conditions. To produce some tipology of wine (e.g. dessert and reinforced wines) or ...

BONAMAIZON, Cristian1*; CAPPELLA, Victor1; MANZANO, Juan Manuel1; PORTELA, José A.2 1 Centro de Desarrollo Vitícola Tupungato, Convenio COVIAR-INTA, Liniers 72, Tupungato (5561) Mendoza, Argentina 2 INTA EEA La Consulta, Ex Ruta 40 km 96, La Consulta (5567) San Carlos, Mendoza, Argentina *Corresponding author: bonamaizonc@gmail.com

This work starts from the idea that the nitrogen application in pre-harvest would have positive effects on biomass accumulation of the vine plant before its winter rest, and that would enable a better and faster sprouting in the following season, without sacrificing the oenological quality of the grapes. In a malbec vineyard located in El Peral, T...

BELLOTTO, Alessandro1; MANZAN, Nicola1; GREYLING, Berno2; PITACCO, Andrea3; PETERLUNGER, Enrico1; STREVER, Albert2; POBLETE-ECHEVERRÍA, Carlos2* 1 Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, Udine, Italy Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa 3 Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment(DAFNAE), University of Padova Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy. 2 *Corresponding author: cpe@sun.ac.za

Physiological measurements are the most accurate way of assessing plant water status. However, they are time-consuming, costly and invasive for the plant. Visible to shortwave infrared imaging spectrometers can be used to detect and monitor several biochemical variations in the leaf offering a faster, cheaper and non-destructive alternative to the...

BIGARD, Antoine1; TELLO, Ricardo1, 2; SIRE, Yannick2; LACOMBE, Thierry3; MARCHAL, Cécile4; DEDET, Sandrine4; FARNOS, Marc3; ADIVÈZE, Angélique3; ROUX, Catherine3; VEYRET, Mélanie2; PÉROS, Jean-Pierre3; DOLIGEZ, Agnès3; OJEDA, Hernán2, 4; BOURSIQUOT, Jean-Michel1; ROMIEU, Charles3; TORREGROSA, Laurent1* 1 Montpellier SupAgro, UMR AGAP- UMT Génovigne, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France 2 INRA, Unité Expérimentale de Pech Rouge, 11430 Gruissan, France 3 INRA, UMR AGAP, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France 4 INRA, Unité Expérimentale du Domaine de Vassal, 34340 Marseillan-Plage, France *Corresponding author: laurent.torregrosa@supagro.fr

Genotype x Environment x Practices interactions exert a tight tuning on wine profile. To maintain the typicality of wine produced in traditional regions becomes a critical challenge in the context of rapid climate changes. While some practices may reduce adverse effects of abiotic stresses on the vine (e.g. the use of watering to maintain photosyn...

BETTIGA, Larry J. University of California Cooperative Extension, 1432 Abbott Street, Salinas, CA 93901, USA Corresponding author: lbettiga@ucanr.edu

For cool windy climates and/or lower vigor sites, delays in vine development during training can result in a greater number of growing seasons to achieve full crop yield potential. Training strategies used can be a critical factor in promoting vine development and production that is appropriate to the site conditions. Bilateral cordon training met...

BERGAS, Valeria1*; RODRÍGUEZ, José1; GALARRAGA, Ignacio1; VILA, Hernán2; CARRILLO, Natalia1; CORVALÁN, Andrea1; GÓMEZ, Francisco1; SORROCHE, Lorena1 1 Cátedra de Viticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo. Almirante Brown 500, Mendoza, Argentina, cp 5507. 2 INTA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología agropecuaria. San Martín y Araoz, Lujan de Cuyo, Mendoza. *Corresponding author: vbergas@fca.uncu.edu.ar

There is currently trellis-training system that achieves high yields, comparable to a parral, with highquality wine and the possibility of machine harvest. Several growers in our area proposed amendments to driving systems. An innovation was the system of divided canopy "Ramé", developed by the local viticulture Luis Alberto Ramero. Luis Alberto ...

BENNEMANN, Gabriela D.1; TORRES, Yohandra R.3; SVIECH, Letícia2; VANOLLI, Beatriz2; BOTELHO, Renato V.2* 1 Departament of Nutrition, State University of Midwestern of Paraná (Unicentro), Guarapuava, Paraná, Brasil Departament of Agronomy, Unicentro, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brasil 3Department of Chemistry, Unicentro, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brasil 2 *Corresponding author: rbotelho@unicentro.br

Wine industry is an important economic activity in the World, generating significant quantities of residues, mostly known as grape pomace. This material is rich in many nutrients, as fiber, minerals and antioxidants substances, such as phenolic compounds. These nutraceutical properties of grape pomace could be harnessed for human or animal consump...

BENDER, Angelica1; COSTA, Vagner2*; MALGARIM, Marcelo Barbosa1; ANDRADE, Suelen Braga de1; VIDALES, Valentina Florencia Savia3 1 Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, s/n - Campus Universitário, Capão do Leão - RS, CEP. 96900-010 2Universidade Federal do Pampa – UNIPAMPA, Rua 21 de abril, CEP 96450000, Dom Pedrito, RS, Brasil 3Instituto Federal Sul Rio Grandense de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia- Campus Pelotas Visconde da Graça. Av. Engenheiro Ildefonso Simões Lopes, 21 - Três Vendas, Pelotas - RS, 96060-290, Brasil *Corresponding author: vagnercosta@unipampa.edu.br

The ripening level of the grape is one of the most important factors in the quality of its derivatives, because of the complex phenomena inherently related to the varieties and environmental conditions. The objective of the present study was to monitor the phenological development of the Chardonnay variety and to evaluate the influence of the diff...

BELVISO, Simona1#; TORCHIO, Fabrizio2#; NOVELLO, Vittorino1; GIACOSA, Simone1; DE PALMA, Laura3; RÍO SEGADE, Susana1*; GERBI, Vincenzo1; ROLLE, Luca1 1 Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; 2Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Enologia e Ingegneria Agro-Alimentare, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; 3Università degli Studi di Foggia, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell’Ambiente, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy # These authors contributed equally to the study. *Corresponding author: susana.riosegade@unito.it

In the last years, consumers are increasingly demanding for healthy foods. Table grapes are considered an important source of bioactive compounds and therefore their availability in the market should last as long as possible while preserving the phenolic quality. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of berry heterogeneity in the vi...